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\title{\Huge Benchmark Databases for Video-Based\\[0.5ex] Automatic Sign Language Recognition}

\author{Philippe Dreuw\inst{1}, Carol Neidle\inst{2}, Vassilis Athitsos\inst{3}, Stan Sclaroff\inst{2}, and Hermann Ney\inst{1}}
\institute[RWTH Aachen University] % (optional, but mostly needed)
{
  \inst{1}%
  RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
  \\
  \inst{2}%
  Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
  \\
  \inst{3}%
  University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
}

\date[May. 28th, 2008]{May. 28th, 2008}

\begin{document}
\begin{frame}{} 
\vspace{-1cm}
\begin{columns}[t]
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  \begin{column}{.45\linewidth}
    
    \begin{block}{Introduction}
      \begin{itemize}
      \item currently available sign language video databases
        \begin{itemize}
        \item for linguistic purposes
        \item gesture recognition using small vocabularies
        \end{itemize}
      \item here: new benchmark databases for evaluation of
        \begin{itemize}
        \item linguistic problems
        \item automatic sign language recognition
        \item statistical machine translation
        \end{itemize}
      \end{itemize}
    \end{block}
    
    \begin{block}{Multimodal Resources for ASL}
      \begin{itemize}
      \item National Center for Sign Language and Gesture Resources (NCSLGR) at Boston University
        \begin{itemize}
        \item \url{http://www.bu.edu/asllrp/cslgr/}
        \end{itemize}
      \item collection of American Sign Language data from deaf native
        signers
      \item high-quality video files in a variety of video formats
        \begin{itemize}
        \item multiple angles
        \item close-up of the face
        \item with linguistic annotations
        \end{itemize}
      \end{itemize}

      \begin{center}
        \includegraphics[width=.2\linewidth]{images/camera0}
        \,
        \includegraphics[width=.2\linewidth]{images/camera1}
        \,
        \includegraphics[width=.2\linewidth]{images/camera2}
      \end{center}
    \end{block}

    \begin{block}{Linguistic Annotations}
      \begin{itemize}
      \item American Sign Language Linguistic Research Project (ASLLRP)
      \item \signstream annotation software: \url{http://www.bu.edu/asllrp/}
        
        \centerline{\includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{images/signstream}}

      \item annotation format includes
        \begin{itemize}
        \item indication of the start and end points of linguistically significant behaviors
        \item individual signs, produced by the hands and arms
        \item facial gestures (e.g. eyebrow position, eye aperture)
        \item head movements (including nods and shakes) that have grammatical significance
        \end{itemize}
        
      \item 7 CD-ROMs include a total of \alert{over 1300} linguistically annotated utterances
      \item available in \signstream or simple XML format
      \end{itemize}
    \end{block}
    
    \begin{block}{Database Access Interface}
      \begin{itemize}
      \item search of the existing data
      \item download of subsets of video files and corresponding annotations
      \item uncompressed video resolution up to 648x484 pixels at 60 frames per second
      \item 2 to 4 synchronized cameras
      \item checkerboard calibration sequences
      \end{itemize}
      
      \vskip1ex
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=.75\linewidth]{images/dai}
      \vskip2ex
      \includegraphics[width=.45\linewidth]{images/dai-search}
      \,
      \includegraphics[width=.45\linewidth]{images/dai-results}


    \end{block}

    
   
  \end{column}
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    \begin{block}{RWTH-BOSTON-50 Database}
      \vskip-2ex
      \begin{itemize}
      \item 483 utterances of \alert{isolated} words
      \item vocabulary size of 50 words, 83 with pronunciations
      \item 3 signers
      \end{itemize}
    \end{block}
    
    \begin{block}{RWTH-BOSTON-104 Database}
      \vskip-2ex
      \begin{itemize}
      \item 201 utterances of \alert{continuous sign language sentences}
      \item 3 signers
      \item 26\% of the training data are singletons
      \end{itemize}
      \vskip-1ex
      \begin{columns}[t]
        ~~
        \begin{column}{.5\linewidth}
          \begin{itemize}
          \item corpus statistics\\[1ex]
        
            \begin{tabular}{@{} l rr @{}}
              \toprule
              & Training   &  Evaluation \\
              \midrule
              sentences        & 161        &   40   \\
              running words    & 710        &  178   \\
              vocabulary       & 103        &   65   \\
              singletons       &  27        &    9   \\
              OOV              & -          &    1   \\
              images           & 12422      & 3324   \\
              \bottomrule
            \end{tabular}
          \end{itemize}
        \end{column}
        \begin{column}{.5\linewidth}
          \begin{itemize}
          \item language model perplexities\\[1ex]
            
            \begin{tabular}{@{} l r @{}}
              \toprule
              LM type     & Test $PP$ \\
              \hline
              zerogram    & 106.0 \\
              unigram     & 36.8 \\
              bigram      & 6.7 \\
              trigram     & 4.7 \\
              \bottomrule
            \end{tabular}
            
            \vskip3ex
          \item best known result is 12.9\% WER
            
          \end{itemize}
        \end{column}
      \end{columns}
    \end{block}
    
    \begin{block}{RWTH-BOSTON-400 Database}
      \vskip-4ex
      \begin{columns}[t]
        ~~
        \begin{column}{.5\linewidth}
          \begin{itemize}
          \item corpus statistics \\[1ex]
            
            \begin{tabular}{@{} l rrr @{}}
              \toprule
              & Training          &  Dev    &  Eval \\
              \midrule                            
              sentences        &   633             &  106            &  104   \\
              running words    &  5733             &  678            &  589   \\
              vocabulary       &   483             &   74            &   36   \\
              singletons       &   217             &   10            &    2   \\
              OOV              &     -             &    7            &    0   \\
              images           & 49486             & 10016           & 9053   \\
              \bottomrule
            \end{tabular}
          \end{itemize}
        \end{column}
        \begin{column}{.5\linewidth}
          \begin{itemize}
          \item language model perplexities\\[1ex]
        
            \begin{tabular}{@{} l r r @{}}
              \toprule
              LM type     & Dev $PP$ & Test $PP$ \\
              \hline
              zerogram    & 400      & 400       \\
              unigram     & 63.4     & 50.9      \\  %% 23 OOVs in total, 5 OOV words, 0 zeroprobs, logprob= -1371.62 ppl= 63.445 ppl1= 124.189  |  0 zeroprobs, logprob= -1182.88 ppl= 50.9218 ppl1= 101.928
              bigram      & 32.3     & 26.2      \\  %% 23 OOVs in total, 5 OOV words, 0 zeroprobs, logprob= -1148.88 ppl= 32.3366 ppl1= 56.7559 |  0 zeroprobs, logprob= -983.82 ppl= 26.2817 ppl1= 46.8082
              trigram     & 30.1     & 25.1      \\  %% 23 OOVs in totrepresenetations, 0 zeroprobs, logprob= -1125.94 ppl= 30.168 ppl1= 52.3583  | 0 zeroprobs, logprob= -970.573 ppl= 25.15 ppl1= 44.4459
              \bottomrule
            \end{tabular}
          \end{itemize}
        \end{column}
      \end{columns}
      \vskip1ex

      \begin{columns}[t]
        ~~
        \begin{column}{.5\linewidth}
          \begin{itemize}
          \item person statistics for training set\\[1ex]
            
            \begin{tabular}{@{} l r r @{}}
              \toprule
              speaker      & segments & time [sec] \\
              \midrule                            
              Ben          & 90       & 283.3s     \\
              Norma        & 142      & 375.267s   \\
              Mike         & 364      & 1219.77s   \\
              Lana         & 37       & 162.367s   \\
              \bottomrule
            \end{tabular}        
          \end{itemize}
        \end{column}

        \begin{column}{.5\linewidth}
          \begin{itemize}
          \item difficulties in preliminary results:
            \begin{itemize}
            \item silence handling
            \item movement epenthesis
            \item canonically one-handed vs. two-handed signs
            \item pronunciations
            \item increased number of speakers
            \end{itemize}
          \end{itemize}
        \end{column}
      \end{columns}
      
      \vskip1ex
      \begin{itemize}
      \item several speaker setups\\[1ex]
        \begin{center}
          \includegraphics[width=.27\linewidth]{images/speaker-1}
          \,
          \includegraphics[width=.27\linewidth]{images/speaker-2}
          \,
          \includegraphics[width=.27\linewidth]{images/speaker-9}
          \vskip1ex
          
          \includegraphics[width=.27\linewidth]{images/speaker-3}
          \,
          \includegraphics[width=.27\linewidth]{images/speaker-4}
          \,
          \includegraphics[width=.27\linewidth]{images/speaker-5}
          \vskip1ex
          
          \includegraphics[width=.27\linewidth]{images/speaker-6}
          \,
          \includegraphics[width=.27\linewidth]{images/speaker-7}
          \,
          \includegraphics[width=.27\linewidth]{images/speaker-8}
        \end{center}
      \item Example of the four speakers: due to the different
        clothing (short sleeves, long sleeves, glasses, ...) and
        camera setups, nine speaker setups have to be handled in the
        RWTH-BOSTON-400 database.
      \end{itemize}
      
    \end{block}
    
    \begin{block}{RWTH-BOSTON-Hands Database}
      \begin{itemize}
      \item database with annotated hand and head positions
      \end{itemize}
      
      \includegraphics[height=.2\linewidth]{images/bostonhand1} \hspace{1ex}
      \includegraphics[height=.2\linewidth]{images/bostonhand2}  \hspace{1ex}
      \includegraphics[height=.2\linewidth]{images/xfigures/tracking_tollerance}
      
    \end{block}

    \begin{block}{WWW}
      \begin{itemize}
      \item freely available for further research in
        \begin{itemize}
        \item linguistics:\\
          {\large \url{http://www.bu.edu/asllrp/}}
        \item computer science:\\
          {\large \url{http://www-i6.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/aslr/}}
        \end{itemize}
      \end{itemize}
    \end{block}
       
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